Topics For Research Essay Argument

Topics For Research Essay ArgumentWhen writing a research essay argument, many people struggle to come up with relevant and interesting topics. They can think of a few topics, but most of them end up not being used in the final essay. In this article, you will find some ideas on how to approach your topic choices so that you will not be left unsatisfied when it comes time to write the essay.Many people feel that they do not have enough time to consider all of the options available to them when it comes to writing an essay, but in fact it is one of the most difficult task they will ever face. It can be difficult to choose topics for research essay argument because there are just so many that one could write about. Some of the topics that are very popular today include: crime, war, and politics.One of the most popular topics for research essay argument is crime. This is because it involves people, crime, and punishment. It is also one of the most controversial topics in the country, wh ich means that many people are drawn to writing about it. It is easy to see why crime is a very popular topic for research essay argument. The story of a person that was a victim of crime is always an interesting one.Political topics for research essay argument are important and necessary to think about. One of the best things about the topic of politics is that it touches upon a wide variety of issues such as government, social policy, and political party. People who want to read about current events or perhaps something even more from a historical perspective can do well by writing about politics. It is also easy to find websites that offer topics for research essay argument that cover a variety of political topics that a person can research into.One of the most important topics for research essay argument that anyone can research into is the topic of war. It is said that the majority of individuals have never had the opportunity to discuss the topic of war with someone who was in the military. A lot of people will never have a personal experience that involves war, but there are those who have had experiences in the military that make them question the war that they are participating in. There are also websites that will offer readers that type of information.Another topic that has become popular over the past few years is the topic of politics. People will look for information about the political party that they are a part of to learn about what they stand for and how they want to lead their country. There are also blogs that people can read about politics that can give them some interesting information to help them learn about the various political parties.Finally, one of the topics that is very popular today is the topic of crime. Crime is a very important topic for people to consider because it is one of the most publicized crimes that involve a victim. It is also a topic that many people will not be able to avoid being involved in because it is such a timely subject.Before deciding on the topic for your research essay argument, it is important to take a look at yourself and figure out what it is that you want to say. There are many different aspects to consider when writing a topic. It is best to get ideas from other writers that are experts on the topic you are writing about. Once you have chosen a topic, you will have to work hard at choosing topics for research essay argument that will not be too embarrassing to share with others.

Coca Cola Analysis - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1160 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2017/09/23 Category Advertising Essay Type Narrative essay Topics: Coca-Cola Essay Did you like this example? A mission is the general expression of the overall purpose of the organisation which is in line with the values and expectations of major stakeholders and concerned with the scope and boundaries of the organisation. It is sometimes referred to in terms of what business are we in? E. g. be healthy and fit. The Coca-Cola Company Mission Our Mission is: †¢To refresh the world in mind, body and spirit †¢To inspire moments of optimism through our brands and actions, and †¢To create value and make a difference everywhere we engage Is the desired future state of an organisation. It is an aspiration around which a strategist might seek to focus the attention of members of an organisation. E. g. To run the Dubai marathon. The Coca-Cola Company Vision To achieve our Mission, we have developed a set of goals, which we will work with our bottlers to deliver: Profit: Maximising return to shareowners while being mindful of our overall responsibilities. People: Being a great place to work where people are inspired to be the best they can be. Portfolio: Bringing to the world a portfolio of beverage brands that anticipate and satisfy peoples desires and needs. Partners: Nurturing a winning network of partners and building mutual loyalty. Planet: Being a responsible global citizen that makes a difference. Values represent an individual’s core beliefs and tend to be deep-seated and relatively enduring. They tend to be learnt at an early age and passed on through generations. They form an underlying framework which guides an individuals contraction of the world, and their response to events in it. Typical underlying value systems may include the belief that it is wrong to get into debt; a belief that family is more important than work; and that it is important to be the winner of any competitive event. The term values should be distinguished from value. Economists describe value as the ratio of the benefit arising from product relative to its cost. The distinction between values and value is that an individuals value system influences the value they place on any particular object. A person with a alue system that rates security and reliability highly may place a high value on a car that is solidly built but not particularly attractive. Another person whose value system ranks recognition by others as being more important may place a higher value on a car which is not necessarily reliable, but has street credibility’. Although value systems tend to be deeply ingrained, they have a tendency to change through an individual’s life cycle. So it follows that the value system of a teenager is likely to be different to that of a young adult parent, and different again to an elderly retired person. The Coca-Cola Company Values Our shared values that we are guided by are: †¢Leadership †¢Passion †¢Integrity †¢Accountability †¢Collaboration †¢Innovation †¢Quality Goal The term g oal means general aim in line with mission. It is quantitative in measure. E. g. losing weight and strengthen muscles. Summarized in the phrase dream with a deadline,† a goal is an observable and measurable end result having one or more objectives to be achieved within a more or less fixed timeframe. In comparison, a purpose is an intention (internal motivational state) or mission. Such goals for Coca Cola are, To Reduce child mortality in developing countries (UN Millennium Development Goal ). Coca-Cola water conservation goal In October 2008 Coca-Cola Company pledged to a 20 percent improvement in water efficiency over 2004 levels in its worldwide operations by 2012, saving some 50 billion liters of fresh water over projected use that year, reports WWF, which negotiated the agreement. Coca-Cola also announced a goal to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 5 percent over 2004 levels for its operations in developed countries. While the target would amount to savings of 2 mill ion tons of CO2 in 2015, it ignores emissions in developing countries where emissions are growing the fastest. Coca-Cola also reiterated its commitment to WWFs water conservation initiative that aims to protect important freshwater resources including the Yangtze, Mekong, Danube, Rio Grande/Rio Bravo, Lakes Niassa and Chiuta, the Mesoamerican Reef catchments, and rivers and streams in the southeastern United States. Coca-Cola has lately led a push to green operations, including reducing emissions, pollution, and water consumption. The company stepped up its efforts following a campaign by environmentalists in India who accused bottlers of depleting ground water supplies. Coca-Cola Recycling While PET has a high value as a recyclable in the marketplace, not enough material is recovered to meet the increasing demand for recycled content. To help bridge this gap and ensure ready access to recycled material, Coca-Cola Enterprises, Inc. , the largest Coca-Cola bottler in North Amer ica, and The Coca-Cola Company formed Coca-Cola Recycling LLC (CCR) in November 2006. CCR is dedicated to recovering and recycling Coca-Cola packaging materials used within the Coca-Cola system in the U. S. – including PET, aluminum, cardboard and plastic film. CCR will be developing cost-efficient solutions for reclaiming used beverage containers and will establish centralized recycling centers throughout the U. S. Expanded Partnership with Recycle Bank Coca-Cola also continues to expand its relationship with curbside collection organizations. Today, the Company announced an expanded partnership and investment in RecycleBank. RecycleBank currently operates in southern New Jersey, Delaware and Pennsylvania and will be launching service in upstate New York, Vermont and Massachusetts in the fall of 2007. RecycleBank plans to be in 100,000 homes by the end of 2007. The additional investment will support a national rollout of the RecycleBank program by 2009. RecycleBank lev erages new technology and innovative consumer incentives to substantially increase household recycling participation and rates. Since its launch in 2003, RecycleBank has driven recycling rates in Philadelphia from 15 percent to more than 50 percent, and household participation from 30 percent to 90 percent. â€Å"RecycleBank makes recycling easier and more convenient for consumers,† said Scott Vitters, director of sustainable packaging, The Coca-Cola Company. While consumers reap the rewards of recycling through RecycleBank incentives, businesses also benefit through the increased collection of valuable, reusable materials like PET. † Recycled PET Merchandise Program Coca-Cola also has introduced a line of merchandise made out of recycled PET bottles. The products feature playful, pithy slogans such as â€Å"I’m wearing post-consumer waste,† and â€Å"My white t-shirt is green†, and is designed to inspire action by making every bottle count. Coca-Co la apparel and consumer products made with recycled PET are available online at www. cokestore. com and at the New World of Coca-Cola in Atlanta. The line will be available in retail locations across the United States later this year. Sustainable Package Design Coca-Cola has a long history of designing packages with the environment in mind. It commissioned the first study to examine whole environmental impact of a package in 1969 and introduced the first food grade plastic bottle made with recycled material in 1991. Since then, Coca-Cola has continued to improve the resource efficiency of its packages. For example: †¢Aluminum cans, glass and plastic bottles have been reduced by 33 percent, 57 percent and 32 percent respectively since their introductions. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Coca Cola Analysis" essay for you Create order

Personal Reflection on Young Goodman Brown by Nathanial...

Response Essay The story â€Å" Young Goodman Brown† by author Nathanial Hawthrone begins, with a sense of agony or fear right before the departure of Faith’s husband Goodman Brown. It became a little suspenseful as the theme became more climaxed and mission just before Goodman proceeded into the forest. However, before entering the forest I felt sympathy for Goodman as the reader. It almost seemed as if Goodman just wanted to continue being holy and stay on his start and narrow path to Christ. As a reader, I could tell Goodman wanted to commit no sins, however, how common are promises made to our savers that this will be are last sin? I congratulate the author, Nathanial Hawthorne for his genuine job of describing the forest. While reading the†¦show more content†¦Yet, there was the blue arch, and the stars brightening in it† (Nathaniel, Hawthrone pg.333). This look uncertainty alters him to change his perspective, while witness that â€Å"With Heaven above, and with Faith below, [he] will†¦ stand firm against the devil,† even though the very next scene, â€Å"a black mass of cloud darkens both the sky and his perspective and propels him fully into a demonic state† (Nathaniel, Hawthrone pg.333). It is then that he cries out, â€Å"My Faith is gone! †¦ There is no good on earth; and sin is but a name. Come, devil! For to thee is the world given† (Nathaniel, Hawthrone pg.335). The â€Å"tempest† of the forest at this time â€Å"drives him onward† in his madness until he reaches his climax (Nathaniel, Hawthrone pg.336). While reading the story, I noticed a lot of symbolism and foreshadowing. The author Nathaniel disguised it very well at the beginning. The clever idea of making Goodman Brown’s wife Faith a symbol of actually faith seemed marvelous. Faith is the only symbol of hope in the story. She is a symbolic of love, as in the love between man and woman, and also the love, faith and devotion he has in God. In an auditory mind set, Goodman Brown leaving his wife for at the beginning, represents him walking away from faith in God. Nether less, Faith is introduce to readers as being a devoted wife, who warns her husband to be wary, due to a dream that she had. On another

Communications Plan free essay sample

Communications Plan Learning Team C Louis Lough University of Phoenix BUS/475 Fast Lane Raceway Mission Statement Fast Lane Raceways mission is to provide a fast, safe, and challenging race track for track cars and motorcycles. To provide secure climate controlled storage of vehicles, lodging, and comfortable club house facilities for customers and club members. By designing a two and a half mile road course including 12 turns with elevation changes on perfectly maintained pavement, Fast Lane Raceway will cater to the even the most advanced and devout racing enthusiast down to the newest rider r drivers looking for a safe environment learn. Offering club memberships with discounts, supporting local car and motorcycle racing organizations, and putting customer safety first will place Fast Lane Raceway above the competition in the eyes of our customers. Vision Statement The vision statement for Fast Lane Raceway is: To provide a raceway unmatched in quality, racing development skills, and facilities. We will write a custom essay sample on Communications Plan or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Goals The goals of Fast Lane Raceway are to meet all objectives and become a profitable competitive business in the racing environment. Objectives Complete construction of registration and classroom building with fully functional ocker rooms prior to the predetermined opening date. Maximize secured land for a fast

To play fairly means that we must always abide by the rules of the game, as written in the rule book Essay Example

To play fairly means that we must always abide by the rules of the game, as written in the rule book Essay Fair play is, the adherence to criteria of fairness implied by the idea of mutual quest for excellence'(Keating, J., Sportsmanship as a Moral Category, Ethics, Vol.75 (1964), pg 25-35 This report is intended to critically discuss the title statement, with the objective being to persuade the reader that a competitive game can be played fairly even when the rules are not strictly abided by. The following report will contain sufficient academic referencing to underpin the arguments, which have been clearly stated. Athletes, in modern times, are professionals, Paid for ones skill'(English dictionary, geddes et al, 1998, pg 170). This means like any other job they are paid to complete a task, in football it is to score more goals, cricket the aim is to score more runs and rugby a higher points score is the objective. In modern times sport has moved away from the inherited value that its not winning or losing but how you played the game because in a professional environment this is clearly a total fallacy. Using the same standards it could be argued that one may say of a surgeon it matters not whether the patient lives or dies but only how he makes the cut (Forest Evashevski, Sports Illustrated, 1957, pg 119) We will write a custom essay sample on To play fairly means that we must always abide by the rules of the game, as written in the rule book specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on To play fairly means that we must always abide by the rules of the game, as written in the rule book specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on To play fairly means that we must always abide by the rules of the game, as written in the rule book specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The rules, which aim to standardise games, are often open to interpretation, for instance in cricket the umpire must decide in a matter of seconds weather a ball, travelling at 100 miles per hour is definitely going to hit the stumps, dependant upon where the ball pitches, deviation and distance from the stumps, this rule is often not adhered to correctly and the incorrect decision is given frequently. These decisions can determine whether a team who are clearly superior to the opposition, may lose the game. It would not be appropriate to class the winning team a team that played unfairly to win, because the result was due to poor umpire decisions. It would also be totally unprofessional for a batsman to walk from the crease, if he had hit the ball and been caught out by the wicket keeper. The player is entitled to wait for the umpires decision and invariably it is a very tough decision, as the deviation of the ball from the bat is minimal. This has been illustrated recently in the Ashes test series between Australia and England, when Michael Vaughan didnt walk when Justin Langer caught him out. During an average F.A Premier league football match the referee will make numerous incorrect decisions, for example deliberate and accidental handball. Is the team, who have been awarded a penalty acting unfairly by accepting the penalty awarded, even if they agree that the handball was accidental. A competitive game is governed by sets of rules which cannot be broken, i.e if the whole ball crosses the goal line into the net a goal is awarded. This is a rule which is hard to referee, human error is part of the game yet not stated in the rule book. If a team were to score a legitimate goal which the referee rules out, later for video replays showing the ball clearly crossing the line, is the winning team instructed to replay the match because of an unfair advantage. Any situation which is officiated by humans will incur non consistent ruling, as a result of human error. Players will always take advantage of this, as ween in the quarter finals of the world cup. Diego Maradona scored the winning goal, but replays show that the ball was deliberately handled in projecting it over the England goalkeeper. Argentina went on to win the World Cup and will be remembered as the champions of 86. The only nation to remember the incident is England. Ole gunner Solskjear(Manchester United) was chasing Robert lee (Newcastle United) in the last minute of a game, which Manchester united were leading by a single goal. Realising that he wasnt going to get the ball fairly solskjear committed a deliberate foul. Newcastle were awarded a free kick and solskjear was sent off. In breaking the rules Manchester United won the game. Yet in the same game many other fouls were committed by both teams so the same rule had been broken a number of times, upholding the theory that if everyone is breaking the rules then the game is fair, winning is the sole purpose of a football match. To suggest that breaking rules is unfair cannot be argued convincingly as sometimes rules are not broken and still a team is deemed to have not have acted in a fair manner, Sheffield United Vs Arsenal F.A Cup. In this instance the ball was played over the touchline for an Arsenal player to receive treatment. The unspoken rule states that player throws the ball back to the opposition sporting behaviour. Arsenal disregarded this and from the resulting throw Arsenal scored. Even though no rule was broken Arsenal were still seen to be acting unfairly, therefore fairness cannot solely be associated with rules. Australia have the best facilities for coaching cricketers, the cricket is well funded at junior level and the coaching aids are more advanced than most other cricketing countries, this together with a favourable climate coalesce to ensure the Australians are superior to any other cricketing nation. It could be argued that this gives them an unfair advantage over other cricketing nations who are less affluent and therefore unable to supply the same level of facilities. It would be unfeasible to ever suggest that a game was perfectly fair between two teams in a competitive situation. This suggests that games begin unfairly so why should rules not be broken to even the contest. In 1978 F.I.F.A, the international football governing body, introduced an award known as the Fair Play award. This was intended to encourage teams to play the game in a manner, which displays respect, sportsmanship and adherence to rules. In the seven tournaments which have occurred since, only twice has the fair play award been won by the winning team. This statistic supports the old adage that nice guys finish last. The world cup is a tournament played by professional sportsmen, whose aim is to win the tournament. The question a coach must ask before the tournament begins is one of priority. Which award brings a nation more respect, winning the world cup or achieving second place but winning the F.I.F.A Fair Play Award?. The question is rhetorical. The theory can be supported by asking anyone who won the fair play award at the previous world cup chances are the answer will be dont know. In contrast asking the question Which nation are the current World Champions? most people are likely to answer Brazil. Therefore it is tolerated that the best teams dont always abide by the rules. Conclusion The fundamental motive, which drives professional athletes to participate in activities, which are outside the laws of the game, is money, the second most influential aspect associated with foul play is that high level competitive sport is very competitive and the standard is much higher, this drives athletes to discover ways in which they can gain an advantage.

Gun Control Essays (1597 words) - Gun Politics In The United States

Gun Control Essays (1597 words) - Gun Politics In The United States Gun Control : The failure of Gun Control Laws Americans are faced with an ever-growing problem of violence. Our streets have become a battleground where the elderly are beaten for their social security checks, where terrified women are viciously attacked and raped, where teenage gangster shoot it out for a patch of turf to sell their illegal drugs, and where innocent children are caught daily in the crossfire of drive-by shootings. We cannot ignore the damage that these criminals are doing to our society, and we must take actions to stop these horrors. However, the efforts by some misguided individuals to eliminate the legal ownership of firearms does not address the real problem at hand, and simply disarms the innocent law abiding citizens who are most in need of a form of self-defense. To fully understand the reasons behind the gun control efforts, we must look at the history of our country, and the role firearms have played in it. The second amendment to the Constitution of the United States makes firearm ownership legal in this country. There were good reasons for this freedom, reasons which persist today. Firearms in the new world were used initially for hunting, and occasionally for self-defense. However, when the colonist felt that the burden of British oppression was too much for them to bear, they picked up their personal firearms and went to war. Standing against the British armies, these rebels found themselves opposed by the greatest military force in the world at that time. The 18th century witnessed the height of the British Empire, but the rough band of colonial freedom fighters discovered the power on the Minuteman, the average American gun owner. These Minuteman, so named because they would pick up their personal guns and jump to the defense of their country on a minutes notice, served a major part in winning the American Revolution. The founding fathers of the country understood that an armed populace was instrumental in fighting off oppression, and they made the right to keep and bear arms a constitutionally guaranteed right(The Gunin American 14-25)Over the years, some of the reasons for owning firearms have changed. As our country grow into a strong nation, we expanded westward, exploring the wilderness, and building new towns on the frontier. Typically, these new towns were far away from the centers of civilization, and the only law they had was dispensed by townsfolk through the barrel of a gun. Crime existed, but could be minimized when the townspeople fought back against the criminals. Eventually, these organized townspeople developed police forces as their towns grew in size. Fewer people carried their firearms on the street, but the firearms were always there, ready to be used in self-defense(27-39) It was after the Civil War that the first gun-control advocates came into existence. These southern leaders who were afraid that the newly freed black slaves would assert their newfound political rights, and these leaders wanted to make it easier to oppress the free blacks(41) This oppression was accomplished by passing laws making it illegal in many places or black people to own firearms. With that effort, they assured themselves that the black population would be subject to their control, and world not have the ability to fight back. At the same time, the people who were most intent on denying black people their basic rights walked around with their firearms, making it impossible to resist their efforts. An unarmed man stands little chance against and armed one, and these armed men saw their plans work completely. It was a full century before the civil rights activists of the 1960s were able to restore the constitutional freedoms that blacks in this country were granted in the 1860s(46). Todays gun control activists are a slightly different breed. They claim that gun violence in this country has gotten to a point where something must be done to stop it. They would like to see criminals disarmed, and they want the random violence to stop(Edel 77). I agree with their sentiments. However, they are going about it in the wrong way. While claiming that they want to take guns out of the hands of criminals, they work to pass legislation that world take the guns out of the hands of law abiding citizens instead. For this reason the efforts at gun control do not address the real problem of crime. The simple definition of a criminal is someone who does not obey the law. The simple definition of a law abiding

Chinampa - Raised Field Agriculture in the Americas

Chinampa - Raised Field Agriculture in the Americas Chinampa system farming (sometimes called floating gardens) is a form of ancient raised field agriculture, used by American communities at least as early as 1250 CE, and successfully used by small farmers today as well. Chinampas are long narrow garden beds separated by canals. The garden land is built up from the wetland by stacking alternating layers of lake mud and thick mats of decaying vegetation. The process is typically characterized by exceptionally high yields per unit of land.  The word chinampa is a Nahuatl (native Aztec) word, chinamitl, meaning an area enclosed by hedges or canes. Key Takeaways: Chinampas Chinampas are a type of raised field agriculture used in wetlands, constructed of stacked alternating layers of mud and decaying vegetation.  The fields are built with a series of long alternating strips of canals and raised fields.  If properly maintained, by dredging organic-rich canal muck and placing it onto of the raised fields, chinampas are quite productive.  They were seen by the by Spanish conquistador Hernan Cortes when he reached the Aztec capital of Tenochtitlan (Mexico City) in 1519.  The oldest chinampas in the Basin of Mexico date to ca. 1250 CE, well before the formation of the Aztec empire in 1431.   Cortes and the Aztec Floating Gardens The first historical record of chinampas was by the Spanish conquistador Hernan Cortes, who arrived in the Aztec capital of Tenochtitlan (now Mexico City) in 1519. At the time, the basin of Mexico where the city is located was characterized by an interconnected system of lakes and lagoons of varying size, elevation, and salinity. Cortes saw agricultural plots on rafts on the surface of some of the lagoons and lakes, connected to the shore by causeways, and to the lakebeds by willow trees. The Aztecs did not invent chinampa technology. The earliest chinampas in the Basin of Mexico date to the Middle Postclassic periods, about 1250 CE, more than 150 years before the formation of the Aztec empire in 1431.  Some archaeological evidence exists showing that the Aztecs damaged some of the existing chinampas when they took over the basin of Mexico. Ancient Chinampa Aerial view over Xochimilco traditional agricultural fields Mexico City, March 16, 2015. Getty Images / Ulrike Stein / Stock Editorial Ancient chinampa systems have been identified throughout the highland and lowland regions of both continents of the Americas, and are also currently in use in highland and lowland Mexico on both coasts; in Belize and Guatemala; in the Andean highlands and Amazonian lowlands. Chinampa fields are generally about 13 feet (4 meters) wide but can be up to 1,300–3,000 ft (400–900 m) in length. Ancient chinampa fields are difficult to identify archaeologically  if theyve been abandoned and allowed to silt over: However, a wide variety of remote sensing techniques such as aerial photography have been used to find them with considerable success. Other information about chinampas is found in archival colonial records and historic texts, ethnographic descriptions of historic period chinampa farming schemes, and ecological studies on modern ones. Historical mentions of chinampa gardening date to the early Spanish colonial period. Farming on a Chinampa Chinampa Field Scene, Xochimilco. Hernn Garcà ­a Crespo The benefits of a chinampa system are that the water in the canals provides a consistent passive source of irrigation. Chinampa systems, as mapped by environmental anthropologist Christopher T. Morehart, include a complex of major and minor canals, which act both as freshwater arteries and provide canoe access to and from the fields. To maintain the fields, the farmer must continually dredge soil from the canals, and redeposit the soil atop the garden beds. The canal muck is organically rich from rotting vegetation and household wastes. Estimates of the productivity based on modern communities suggest that 2.5 acres (1 hectare) of chinampa gardening in the basin of Mexico could provide an annual subsistence for 15–20 people. Some scholars argue that one reason chinampa systems are so successful has to do with the diversity of species used within the plant beds. A chinampa system in San Andrà ©s Mixquic, a small community located about 25 miles (40 kilometers) from Mexico City, was found to include an astonishing 146 different plant species, including 51 separate domesticated plants. Other benefits include a damping down of plant diseases, compared to ground-based agriculture. Ecological Studies Instensive studies in Mexico City have been focused on chinampas in Xaltocan and Xochimilco. Xochimilco chinampas include not just crops such as maize, squash, vegetables, and flowers but small-scale animal and meat production, hens, turkeys, fighting cocks, pigs, rabbits and sheep. In sub-urban spaces, there are also draft animals (mules and horses) used to draw carts for maintenance purposes and take visiting local tourists. Beginning in 1990, heavy metal pesticides such as methyl parathion were applied to some chinampas in Xochimilco. Methyl parathion is an organophosphate which is extremely toxic to mammals and birds, which negatively impacted the kinds of levels of nitrogen available in the chinampa soils, decreasing beneficial types and increasing those not-so-beneficial. A study by Mexican ecologist Claudia Chvez-Là ³pez and colleagues reports successful laboratory tests removing the pesticide, lending hope that damaged fields may yet be restored. Archaeology Chinampa or floating gardens, Mexico, journey of Leon De Pontelli to Central America, from LIllustration, Journal Universel 886(35), February 18, 1860. De Agostini / Biblioteca Ambrosiana Getty Images The first archaeological investigations into chinampa farming were in the 1940s, when Spanish archaeologist Pedro Armillas identified relict Aztec chinampa fields in the Basin of Mexico, by examining aerial photographs. Additional surveys of central Mexico were conducted by US archaeologist William Sanders and colleagues in the 1970s, who identified additional fields associated with the various barrios of Tenochtitlan. Chronological data suggests chinampas were built at the Aztec community of Xaltocan during the Middle Postclassic period  after significant  amounts of political organization was in place. Morehart (2012) reported a 3,700–5,000 ac (~1,500–2,000 ha) chinampa system at the postclassic kingdom, based on aerial photographs, Landsat 7 data, and Quickbird VHR multispectral imagery, integrated into a GIS system. Chinampas and Politics Although Morehart and colleagues once argued that chinampas required a  top-down organization to be implemented, most scholars today (including Morehart) agree that building and maintaining of chinampa farms do  not require organizational and administrative responsibilities at the state level. Indeed, archaeological studies at Xaltocan and ethnographic studies at  Tiwanaku  have provided evidence that the meddling of the state in chinampa farming is detrimental to a successful enterprise. As a result, chinampa farming may be well-suited to locally-driven agricultural efforts today. Sources Chvez-Là ³pez, C., et al. Removal of Methyl Parathion from a Chinampa Agricultural Soil of Xochimilco Mexico: A Laboratory Study. European Journal of Soil Biology 47.4 (2011): 264–69. Print.Losada Custardoy, Hermenegildo Romn, et al. The Use of Organic Waste from Animals and Plants as Important Input to Urban Agriculture in Mà ©xico City. International Journal of Applied Science and Technology 5.1 (2015). Print.Morehart, Christopher T. Chinampa Agriculture, Surplus Production, and Political Change at Xaltocan, Mexico. Ancient Mesoamerica 27.1 (2016): 183–96. Print.-. Mapping Ancient Chinampa Landscapes in the Basin of Mexico: A Remote Sensing and GIS Approach. Journal of Archaeological Science 39.7 (2012): 2541–51. Print.-. The Political Ecology of Chinampa Landscapes in the Basin of Mexico. Water and Power in Past Societies. Ed. Holt, Emily. Albany: State University of New York Press, 2018. 19–40. Print.Morehart, Christopher T., and Charles D. Frederick . The Chronology and Collapse of Pre-Aztec Raised Field (Chinampa) Agriculture in the Northern Basin of Mexico. Antiquity 88.340 (2014): 531–48. Print.