European Aviation Safety Agency Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

European Aviation Safety Agency - Essay Example It is tasked with promoting the highest possible safety standards, as well as environmental protection in the aviation industry, both in the EU member states, and the world in general. EASA assumed full responsibility in 2008 and took over the functions of JAA (Joint Aviation Authorities). The agency is mandated to undertake the following activities: There are several differences between EASA and JAA. JAA had its head office in Hoofddorp, Amsterdam, while EASA, has its headquarters in Cologne, Germany. In addition, EASA has the legislative mandate within the European Union (EU) by enacting regulations through the European Commission, Council of the European Union and European Parliament. On the other hand, JAA operated products without direct force of law. This means that JAA was not recognized as a legal body; but rather, it was a â€Å"mere cooperation of JAA member countries in the field of civil aviation† (Cristiansen, 2009, p. 61). Moreover, some countries under JAA such as Turkey operated outside the EU, whereas, by definition, EASA is an agency that operates under the EU and other countries adopt its rules and regulations without being forced. The fundamental basis for the formulation of EASA is to ensure mandatory standardization. The agency is the one that gives certification. It also â€Å"acts as the authority in the field of airworthiness and continuing airworthiness† (Cristiansen, 2009, p. 62). EASA has authority over new types of certificates and other designs that pertain to airworthiness approvals for aircrafts, engine, propellers and components. The agency works hand in hand with the National Aviation Authorities (NAAs) of the European Union members. However, EASA has virtually taken over most functions from NAAs so as to ensure uniformity of standards across the EU. EASA also has an important part in helping the European Commission negotiate and

The Importance of and Impacts of Professional Development in Education Essay Example for Free

The Importance of and Impacts of Professional Development in Education Essay Abstract: Like any area of human endeavors, the professional development in case of education is considered as a key factor in honing the over all performance of the students thereby resulting in a marked success of educational institutes. In this regard, importance and the positive implications of efforts in terms of teacher development cannot be denied. This paper succinctly touches on the contemporary trends pertaining to the development in education sector with a special elucidation of professional development where areas like collegial interactions, teachers leadership, community interaction, teachers’ individual learning and data driven decision come up to be the effective strategies in order to enlighten the education system with positive reforms.    The paper also analyzes a few research based programs as the case studies for advocating the importance of teachers and their collegial interactions for the success of any institution. Development in Education: In the changing world, the aggrandizing competitiveness has overwhelmed every sphere of the contemporary life. It’s a datum of experience that to cope with the increasing demands of the current era, a modern man is in a continuous process of inoculating reforms in every field. In this regard, what surpasses all the fields is the sector of education since it forms the basis for strengthening all the other institutes of life. In other words, for the provision of better workers, the engineering sector is as much dependent on the education system as is any other field like Medicine or Business.   Keeping in view such a crucial importance of education, various analysts and educationists are bringing new innovations in order to hone the current education system. These reforms involve issues like the quality of teachers, testing and evaluation, learning environment, course design, curriculum and need analysis of the students etc. Professional Development in Eductaion: â€Å"Student learning depends first, last, and always on the quality of the teachers (Usdan, McCloud Podmostko: 2001).† When talking about the reforms in the education system, the role of a teacher cannot be denied. Since teachers play a key role in the over all accomplishment of any educational institute, they have rather become the cynosure of educational reforms where they are considered as students who are in a constant process of mentoring and being mentored. The reason behind bringing the teachers to the centre of attention is the fact that any kind of improvement happening in any classroom involves the participation of a teacher (Schwarz: 1998). Any development in teachers would not only improve students’ performance but would also motivate the teachers themselves. According to Fullan and Stiegebauer, â€Å"Good change processes (are those) that foster sustained professional development over ones career and lead to student benefits (Schwarz: 1998).† Reasons behind Professional Development: â€Å"Processes, practices, and policies that are built on (†¦) view of learning are at the heart of a more expanded view of teacher development that encourages teachers to involve themselves as learners in much the same way as they wish their students would (Lieberman: 2002).† Behind the increasing trend towards the teacher development lays the notion of ‘learning by changing (Lieberman: 2002)’. According to this notion, the basic catalyzing force behind teacher development is the process of changes implemented in the institutions in an expectation of amelioration. In order to cope with the increasing demands, the teachers not only attend to their individual skills but also refer to their colleagues. This concept views the teachers in a constant process of learning that facilitates them to realize their changing roles as instructors, peer coach and researches, to create new structures like problem-solving groups, decision-making teams, to work on new tasks like journal and proposal writing and to establish an inquiry oriented culture in the classroom (Lieberman: 2002). Models and interpretations of teachers’ professional development: Sparks and Loucks-Horsley have proposed five levels of teacher development which are individually-guided staff development, observation-assessment, involvement in a development and improvement process and training and inquiry. However Hargreaves and Fullan propose that the term ‘teacher development’ has multiple interpretations which include the search to find learning opportunities for better performance, finding places for personal development and helping to foster a learning oriented and supportive work environment (Kee Luan : 1996). Marsick and Watkins proposed their Model of the Learning Organization to have three levels namely individual learning, team learning, and organization learning (NCREL: 2003). The first level focuses on individual skills that may be obtained in solitude or in groups whereas the last two refer to the collaborative skills of the teachers. Issues and Scope of Professional Development in Education: The scope of professional development in education can be best seen in the light of various strategies and issues involved under the vast umbrella of the term ‘professional development’. Team Learning and Teachers Collegiality: According to Bernard-Powers et al., â€Å"Adults are learners just as are children, and that everyone learns best when there are ongoing opportunities to develop questions, investigate, reflect, apply and share knowledge in real-life contexts (NCREL: 2003). Collegiality or Collegial Interaction is a phenomenon whereby the teachers get a chance of interacting with their colleague teachers for active professional learning through events like Conventions, Faculty meeting, Seminars, Lesson planning, School Visitations, Sharing materials, Conferences, Workshops, Examination preparation, Informal meetings and Team teaching etc. According to the research work done by Jackson and Goodlad, the greatest impediment in the way of teacher development is the absence or lack of collegiality. It is because learning new skills and implementing them is a matter of trial and error. As long as the teachers work and asses the performance on their own, a much greater space for improvement is left as compared to the case where the teachers work in groups (Kee Luan: 1996). The concept of teacher collegiality or the collaboration of teachers for the purpose of honing their performance is not a novel idea. Although prevalent for the past decades, collegiality has gained special interest of educationists in the recent few years when it is considered to be the most effective way of teacher development. With its roots profoundly interred in the organizational theory models, Collegiality fosters team work of the teachers thereby assuring the success of the institute. During the collegial interaction process the teachers learn from the experienced teachers and apply collaborative skills. In this concern, organizations like Australian College of Education and the General Teaching Council for England have already taken active measures to encourage teachers’ collegial interactions (Leonard, L. Leonard, P.: 2003). Teacher leadership: Teacher leadership is often considered as a direct contrast against collegiality because collegiality is misinterpreted as a form of interdependence of teachers on one another which leaves the individual potential of the teachers as leaders in doubt. Such misconception arise because of the lack of information that the collaboration of teachers not only helps in accommodating the weaknesses but also emphasizes on the encouragement of teachers in case of their achievement. Such an encouragement boosts a spirit and motivates the teachers for further honing their performance.   This makes the teachers individually strong rather than being dependent. According to McCann and Radford, collegiality also indicates the positive contribution of other teachers in the success of a particular teacher (NCREL). Succinctly speaking, the ‘celebration of achievements is important to give teachers encouragement and recognition. Ways of sharing and celebrating achievements before a wider school audience should be a component of a mentoring scheme ( NCREL).’ Community Interaction: According to the Ontario College of Teachers, the teachers are educational leaders who collaborate not only with their colleagues and students but also with the parents, and members of the community. As proposed by the National Board for Professional Teaching Standards, an effective teacher is a participant of the learning community (Leonard, L. Leonard, P.: 2003). The learning of such teachers is not merely confined to the premises of the institute but is stretched throughout the community. Occasions like parent teacher meetings, co curricular events, exhibitions and fairs provide a fair chance of learning experience in a culture specific context. Individual Learning : â€Å"Just as independent learners inspire an engaged and effective classroom, teachers who are themselves independent learners inspire vital and engaged learning communities (NCREL: 2003).† Among many areas that are kept under consideration for teacher development, technical proficiency often supersedes various other skills since education like any other field is also overwhelmed with the current of latest technologies. For the very reason, professional development in education also focuses on the teaching of technological skills. According to a survey conducted in different schools of the West, technology use by teachers results in an improved student performance thereby resulting in an increase of such trends (Brumfield: 2006). It is because the modern methods of teaching employ different technologies which make the lessons not only innovative but also interesting for the students. Individual Learning through Collegial Interactions: Collegiality also helps in honing the individual skills of the teachers in such a way that interactions with colleagues help the teachers to be acquainted with innovative strategies. Group discussions allow them to   implement better strategies of the other teachers in their classrooms, helps them in fulfilling the needs of all the students and provides them with a standard of professional practices to be implemented in the classroom (School Education Division: 2006) . Cultural Contexts in Teachers’ Learning: Since collaboration of teachers is wholly coalesced with the process of sharing ideas, the cultural context plays a vital role during its practice. It is in the light of the cultural notions that the teachers share common norms while practicing collegiality. Consequently, this culture-specific collegiality is responsible for the creation of a particular school culture. Peterson draws a schism between two types of cultures prevalent in the schools.   Namely Positive Culture and Toxic Culture, the former exists in educational institutes with teachers actively involved in collegial practice whereas the latter ascends the institutes where such exchange practices are discouraged (Leonard, L. Leonard, P.: 2003). Educational Decision-making: Decision making in education is an extremely critical issue since the major decisions not only hold the fortune of the students but also determine the over all success of the institute. Any rightly taken decision may boost a positive wave of change when at the same time a wrong decision may mar the prospects of the school’s population and its reputation. Realizing such a significance of educational decisions, the modern educationists propose a data-driven approach to decision making.   Although with its idea being inoculated back in 1980s, data driven decision making in education has actually gained strength in the present day world. The pre-requisite of such a decision making is the presence of data as a proved reason for implementing any new policy or a change in the institute. Such a data is systematically collected and analyzed by the teachers, heads and administrators. This data is of various types including the input, process, outcome and satisfaction data. Here the input data involves the data on the demographics and expenditures of the school, the process data comprises of the data on quality of instruction, the outcome data analyzes the dropout rate and the test results and the satisfaction data asks for the opinions of teachers, parents, community and the students etc   (Marsh, Pane Hamilton: 2006). Instead of relying on a single type of information, triangulation of data is considered the most effective way of getting the maximum information possible. In the triangulation of data, various sources and techniques are adopted which are tallied with one another before arriving at any concrete finding to form the basis of the future decision. Such decisions fall under two categories namely the identification oriented decisions and the action oriented decisions. In the case of identification oriented decisions, the data obtained is utilized to identify goals and to do the needs analyses. In the case of action oriented decision making, one of the most viable ways of data collection is to introduce temporary changes in the classroom and obtain the data in the form of achievement test. The results of such an achievement test are further compared with the tests administered in normal circumstances. The difference in the average results of the students before and after the implementation of transitory changes determine whether the decision of implementing the change permanently would be workable or not. Research works on Professional Development and Collegial Interactions: The Project for Enhancing Effective Learning: The Project for Enhancing Effective Learning (PEEL) was launched in Australia in 1980s and proved to be a ground breaking work of teacher collaborative action research. The project commenced as a research work confined to the classrooms in Melbourne. Originally focused on the development of students and their learning practices, the proceedings of the research indicated a need of similar meta-cognitive development of the teachers in order to make the teachers play a positive role in facilitating the changes implemented in the classrooms.    As a result of the changing environment in classrooms, regular meetings of teachers were held in which the colleagues used to mention their observations, share their experiences and come up with their innovative ideas thereby making the meeting rather informal at many times. In the words of Baird and Hagglund, â€Å"The over-riding outcome of PEEL was that every one learned (1994).† Concerning the teachers, the Baird and Hagglund gave the following pictorial model to show a step-by-step approach of reforming education by the role of teachers in a collegial environment (1994). POOR LEARNING TENDENCIES Replace with GOOD LEARNING TENDENCIES Foster by practicing GOOD LEARNING BEHAVIOURS Stimulate such behaviours by applying GOOD TEACHING PROCEDURES (That should be associated with GOOD CURRICULUM DECISIONS and GOOD ASSESSMENT PRACTICES) The above mentioned Peel Pathway of Improving Learning stresses the coalition of learning in a collaborative situation. Since its inception, PEEL has not only become a popular education reform model for Australian institutes but also for the institutes in other countries like Canada. PLAN- Project: PLAN in Swedish means ‘Project for Independent Learning’. Originally based on the methodology of PEEL, the PLAN Project of Sweden was started being framed in 1992 in order to bring a positive change in Gà ¶kstensskolan Institute of Sweden. The project was considerably based on a model that favored collaboration among teachers. One of the terms of agreement for joining PLAN was that the teachers should devote an hour for collegial interactions practiced in the form of groups having 12 members each. The group leaders of different groups were also required to collegiate with each other frequently with a sole purpose of training the teachers for rising students’ performance. Impacts of Professional Development: As a consequence of aggrandizing emphasis on professional development of teachers, the education system has witnessed a considerable phase of amelioration. According to the studies of Wisconsin Department of Public Instruction, as a result of professional development, the teachers do not confine their lessons to the conventional facts but keep updating their knowledge with latest developments in their fields. Similarly, the teachers do not expect normative feedback but appreciate multiple perspectives from their students. They also design the curriculum in such a way that the knowledge inculcated to the students becomes more thought provoking. In order to elucidate various concepts, they try to extract examples from the real life situations instead to sticking to the text book instances. Through the practice of collegiality, teachers are now able to work in groups in order to share different teaching strategies about which they had learnt either in workshops or through community interaction and also share materials they that had retrieved from various sources which are helpful in honing the teachers’ performance. As a result of frequent interactions, all the teachers of the institute simultaneously hone their abilities thereby rising the over all quality of the institute’s education. In a special case when a large number of teachers leave the institute, teacher collegiality helps in training the novices who enter the faculty. In this way the weaknesses of a few teachers are accommodates by the strengths of the others (Inger: 1993). Conclusion: The area of teacher development pertaining to the educational reforms is challenged by a number of impediments. Among these hindrances, a few pointed out by Lieberman involve the lack of knowledge about how teachers learn, little space for invention and the building of craft knowledge and the view of teachers in practices which is not considered as an acceptable moiety of teachers’ learning (Lieberman: 2002). Even with such obstacles, the significance and positive implications of Teacher Development Programs cannot be denied. In the light of case studies of various teacher development programs, it is clear that the place of teachers as learners in a collegial environment is as necessity for the development of education systems as the teachers’ place in the form of educational leaders is made possible only by the collegiality practiced among them at different levels. References Baird, J.R. Hagglund S. (1994). Teacher collaborative Action Research: A Swedish adaptation of an Australian Project.   Retrieved March 14, 2008, from Education Resources Information Center: http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICDocs/data/ericdocs2sql/content_storage_01/0000019b/80/13/5d/31.pdf Brumfield, R. (2006). Teacher development key to tech success. Retrieved March 14, 2008, from E-School News: http://www.eschoolnews.com/news/top-news/index.cfm?i=37127CFID=686760CFTOKEN=98871010 Critical Issue: Terms of Engagement—Rethinking Teachers Independent Learning   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Traits (2003). Retrieved March 14, 2008, from North Central regional Educational Laboratory: http://www.ncrel.org/sdrs/areas/issues/educatrs/profdevl/pd400.htm Collaboration, Teamwork, and Mentoring. Retrieved March 14, 2008, from North Central regional Educational Laboratory: http://www.ncrel.org/sdrs/areas/issues/envrnmnt/stw/sw5ment.htm Inger, M. (1993). Teacher Collaboration in Secondary Schools. Retrieved March 14, 2008, from National Center for Research in Vocational Education: http://vocserve.berkeley.edu/CenterFocus/CF2.html Kee, T.E. Luan, T.S. (1996). Collegiality and Teacher Development. Retrieved   Ã‚   March 14, 2008, from The Australian Association for Research in Education:http://www.aare.edu.au/96pap/teoek96556.txt Leonard, L. Leonard, P. (2003). The continuing trouble with collaboration: Teachers talk. Current Issues in Education [On-line], 6(15). Retrieved March 14, 2008, from http://cie.ed.asu.edu/volume6/number15/ Lieberman, A. (2002). Practices That Support Teacher Development. Phi Delta Kappan, 76 (8). Marsh, J.A. , Pane, J. F. Hamilton, L.S. (2006). Making Sense of Data Driven Decision Making in Education.   Retrieved March 14, 2008, from The Rand Corporation: http://www.rand.org/pubs/occasional_papers/2006/RAND_OP170.pdf Professional learning guide (2006). Retrieved March 14, 2008, from Learning, Teaching and Assessment Guide: http://www.ltag.education.tas.gov.au/Proflearn/designpl/proflearnguide.htm Schwarz, G. (1998). Teacher Lore and Professional Development for School Reform.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Westport, CT: Bergin Garvey. Usdan,M., McCloud, B. Podmostko, M. (2001). Leadership for Student Learning: Redefining the Teacher as Leader. Retrieved March 14, 2008, from Institute of Educational Leadership: http://www.iel.org/programs/21st/reports/teachlearn.pdf Wisconsin Standards for Teacher Development and Licensure. Retrieved March 14, 2008, from Wisconsin Department of Public Instruction: http://dpi.wi.gov/tepdl/pdf/10kdp.pdf

Camila And Traditional Argentine Patriarchal Culture Film Studies Essay

Camila And Traditional Argentine Patriarchal Culture Film Studies Essay Camila (Bemberg, 1984) is primarily an assault on traditional Argentine patriarchal culture rather than an allegory of the military dictatorship of 1976-1983. Do you agree with this assessment of Bembergs film? In my personal opinion, the statement that Maria Luisa Bembergs 1984 film Camila is mainly an assault on traditional Argentine patriarchal culture, rather than an allegory of the states military dictatorship, is not correct. Actually, this film truly is an attack against the patriarchal family values that dominated the states society during the 19th Century but along with that, it is a reflection of the tyrannical government that ruled the land of silver from 1976 to 1983. This allegory is not easy to find and to the common viewer, this statement will look as undoubtedly true. Nevertheless, if the spectator looks at the historical factors that contributed to the films creation, as well as with the plot, i.e. how it breaks out, they will find lots of relationships between the patriarchal views of the father of the main character in the 19th century and the principles of Jorge Rafael Vidala, the person responsible for establishing military dictatorship in Argentina in 1976. Camilas fat her is a dictator at home just like Vidala, as then-president of Argentina, rules the state society with iron fists. On the other hand, Camilas rebellion against her father can easily be linked to the civil war in Argentina that started as a revolt against the authoritarian regime that ruled the state through force and fear until it was abolished. The reason why director Maria Luisa Bemberg chose to use allegory instead of direct reflection is quite conspicuous. The film was released in 1984 but it obviously took her a few years to complete and disseminate her piece of art nation- and respectfully worldwide. The authorities could have charged Bemberg for breaking the state censorship regarding media and cinema. As a result, the director and her crew could have been arrested and deported to camps or in the least severe case, they could be banned from working in the film and media industry. To begin with, as I implied in the introduction of this essay, Argentina is a country with history in which events happened in parallel in the late nineteenth century under the rule of Juan Manuel de Rosas and during the military dictatorship alike. For instance, during the authoritarian regime in the mid-1970s and the early 1980s, women were isolated from society and treated like second class citizens just like they were oppressed under the grip of the 19th Century patriarchal society. Inequality of genders and the opposition to it by certain people was one of the key traits of these two particular historical periods. Knowing that well, Maria Luisa Bemberg gains advantage of the conditions under which women lived in the 19th Century Argentina to allegorically reflect the characteristics of the authoritarian government in the late 20th Century. This is how the film Camila (1984) came to existence. In the book South American Cinema: A Critical Filmography, editor and critic, Timothy B ernard assesses Bembergs movie as possibly inspired by one of her earlier works, a motion picture called Seà ±ora de nadie (1982). The movie tells the story of a young woman who leaves her family, in order to achieve happiness, sexual and emotional alike. Because of this film, director Bemberg has had numerous disputes with the government due to the presence of the issue of homosexuality which is shown in the womans friendship with a gay man. In Camila, the protagonist Camila OGorman also seeks happiness wanting to get rid of the patriarchal oppression of her father and her fiancà ©, a wealthy man named Ignacio whom she loves not. In addition, she challenges the ideas of the 19th Century Argentine society under the iron grip of President Juan Manuel de Rosas. In my opinion, there is a great portion of truth in Bernards assessment. The woman in Seà ±ora de nadie shares many similarities with Camila OGorman. They both want the same thing. Those wishes are simply shown in diverse as pects. The wife of nobody has a friendship with a homosexual guy, something which was unacceptable in the 19th century Argentine culture and during the 1970s military dictatorship as well. In contrast, Camila falls in love and tries to escape with a priest, a deed which was then considered equally sinful from religious and from social point of view. Nevertheless, despite the many similarities between the two characters, in Camila, there is one thing that makes the protagonist different from the main personality in Seà ±ora de nadie. A clear illustration of this statement is the scene where during a family meal, Camila openly criticizes de Rosas ways of governing a state, something which is unacceptable in her fathers eyes due to the inequality of men and women in favor of the strong gender. His reaction is obvious rage engendered by the fact that his daughter who, he thinks, is meant to be obedient to his will, dares talking about politics. Through his prism, such behaviour is not considered for someone who is thought of by society as a second class citizen. During the 20th Century military junta from 1976 to 1983, anyone, especially a woman, who is open-minded enough to castigate the regime, will be viewed as a criminal, an enemy of the state and certainly jailed or possibly executed. This is also another parallel between events in the history of Argentina which proves that Camila is not an assault on traditional culture rather than allegory of the 1976-1983 authoritarian government. It is an equal portion of both an attack on patriarchal and military oppression, respectively during the 19th and 20th Centuries. Furthermore, the fact that the film was released in 1984, less than a year after the fall of the authoritarian regime, says a lot about its hidden characteristics. In the above mentioned critical essay regarding Bembergs work, the author Timothy Bernard annotates Camila OGormans desire and endeavor to gain identity and break the chains of the patriarchal traditions under which she was brought up. In the context of the film which is based on a real historical event, this assessment is true. Correspondingly, from 1976 to 1983, many Argentineans were also struggling to get rid of the grip of the authorities, be it by escaping the country or by secretly and illegally forming groups that were plotting to remove the ruling regimentation from power. Another famous film critic also talks about historical parallelism with reference to the context of Bembergs motion picture and a hundred and fifty years later. This is what David William Foster says in his book Contemporary Argentine Cinema, Ch apter 1, entitled Camila: Beauty and Bestiality: A film like Maria Luisa Bembergs Camila (1984) is an interesting example of sustained narrative overdeterminations and at the same time, it introduces significant punctuative ruptures for the purpose of encouraging a revised reading of the evoked historical text. In this quote, I assume that the key words are revised reading. What does Foster mean by saying revised reading though? In the presence of historical equivalence, the response will come out quickly. To do a revised reading means not just to literally interpret Camila and its 19th Century background. Paying attention to the actual world circumstances is a must for us as film analysts, if we are to fortify our understanding of what Bemberg really wants to tell the spectator. To supplement, David Fosters elucidations also focus on that if a texts meaning can be deciphered too easily, the text receives a manipulative complexion and forces the understanding in the mind of the view er that this text can only be close read or expounded in one single way. As an illustration serves the statement that the film Camila is rather an assault on Argentine patriarchal values rather than allegoric reflection of the oppressive government that ruled the country in the late 20th Century. In my opinion, this definition of the movie sort of forcefully attempts to coerce the film examiner to interpret it only as a challenger of events that occurred hundred and fifty years ago. In modern film criticism and in film criticism as a form of proofreading, there is no place for one-sidedness. If Bemberg had wanted only to remind the viewer of a juncture that came into being a whole century and a half ago, she would have probably started making the movie some couple of years after the end of the military tyranny. Provided the films shooting began during the last years of the authoritarian militaristic regime, one could assume that the famous film director wanted to achieve something m ore than just a recreation of a past occurrence. As David Foster clarifies, Rosas rule is based on violence, terror and abyss of human rights, specifically violence against women. In parallel, a century and a half later, Jorge Vidala and his successor were brutally dealing with any political opponents, real or imaginary alike. The Dirty War from the 1970s and the early 1980s, as Foster states are happenings that, in spite of having emerged in different periods, can be given identical attributes such as bloody oppression, tortures, executions etc. This annotation of the renowned film critic can as well serve as a justification of the statement that it is not correct to interpret Camila only as an attack on the patriarchal family doctrine typical for the 1800s Argentina. As a result, the analogue between the background of Camila and the situation in the land of silver in the 1970s and the early 1980s is well visible. Taking advantage of this parallelism, Maria Luisa Bemberg uses one p ast event to reflect another and meanwhile, she manages to avoid arrest, jail, beating or possibly even a death penalty. Finally, my assumption that Camila (Bemberg, 1984) is equally a rejection of the Argentine patriarchal society and an allegory of the military dictatorship from 1976 to 1983 cannot be fully argumented without a comparison between Maria Luisa Bembergs film and another motion picture that is directly reflecting the hard life of prisoners during Vidalas junta. One such film is Israel Adrian Caetanos 2006 historical drama called Cronica de una fuga (Chronicle of an Escape). It is about four men who are fortunate enough to escape a prison camp after being tortured for some definite period of time. When looking at Caetanos film and Bembergs masterpiece, one can see lots of similarities between the main characters of both films. To illustrate, both Camila OGorman and the four men want freedom, even though this freedom desire is shown in different aspects. Camila wants to escape her pro-Rosas fathers clutches and seek her happiness the way she wants. She finds herself in love with a Catholic priest with whom she tries to flee and live a happy love life. In Cronica de una fuga, our heroes, Claudio, Guillermo, Vasco and Gallego want to get rid of the constraints that life in military jail has put them through. As a result, one can infer that the motif of escaping is present in both these jewels of Argentine cinema. Specifically about Chronicle of an Escape, director Caetano annotates in an interview for Netscape Cinematical at the Movies at the Toronto Film Festival, that the traces of a dictatorship that ended almost thirty years ago are still visible today. Obviously, Caetano wants to remind the viewers of a historical period that cannot be forgotten easily. He adds that some people see violence, torture, political oppression, fear of force as the only way to build a just society which conspicuously is not true through his prism. It is therefore evident for us as common film critics to conclude that through Cronica de una fuga, Caetano aims to also show his point of vi ew that violence and oppression only make things worse in a certain society instead of improving its condition. Analogically, in Maria Luisa Bembergs film Camila, her father firmly believes in the preservation of the 19th Century patriarchal order. He shares the same point of view as Dictator Juan Manuel de Rosas. From the final scene of Camila and Ladislaos execution, his vision becomes clear. For him, there is nothing more important than keeping his aristocratic and male-controlled family order and this should be achieved by all means, even if his own child is to be shot. Moreover, Camila is pregnant at the time of her death. According to Rosas constitution, it is against the law to kill a pregnant woman, even if she is a political opponent or has committed a very heavy crime. Consequently, in Camila OGormans case, her pro-Rosas father is even ready to break the law only because his sort of holy mission is to preserve the aristocratic honor of his family. In correlation, during Vi dalas rule in 1976 until its overthrow, nothing was more essential than the preservation of the order which he established. This means the regime was supposed to survive at all cost, be it through deportations of political opponents, or with the means of torture, imprisonment and even capital punishment. Along with that, the book Magical Reels by John King supplements my understanding of both the incorrect interpretation of Bembergs photoplay primarily as rejection of traditional family praxis. Apparently, John King also sees this film as a fifty-fifty. He looks at it as a film in which the spectator can perceive the contrast between the traditional patriarchal and the utopic family. In other words, this is a clash between old and new, conservativism and progressivism. Camila OGorman and her lover, Ladislao belong to a new world, new way of thinking that has broken the chains of old-fashioned conservative conventions of the 19th Century Argentine society. In equivalence, people who were victims of Vidalas authoritarianism, along with those who were lucky enough to get away from its grasp, view militaristic monocracy as immature form of governing a country with ruptured economy and values. For instance, as it is in Chronicle of an Escape, knowing that they alone are not strong enough to end the reigning tyranny, the four prisoners come up with the idea of undertaking another risky move escaping the jail and leave Argentina as soon as possible. They are fully aware of the fact that on their way to searching freedom, they could be shot or possibly caught and jailed under even more severe conditions but at the same time, they cognize that this is their only chance to run away from hell. It is now or never. And as the spectators know, the captives goal of escaping gets accomplished in the end and they go respectively to Spain, France, Italy and other parts of the free world. In the same way, in Camila, Ladislao and his lover realize that only if they run away, can they achieve the romantic happiness they both have been longing for, since they fell in love. And if this jewel of Argentine film industry had been made and respectively released, a decade after the dictatorships end, I assume, it would possibly have been not about the Camila OGorman, who opposed her fathers conservative concepts of a womans role in the family. Instead, M. L. Bemberg would have possibly been more direct in her view and would make her female character a fighter for womens right of being noticed with good by society in circumstances of a tyrannical misogynist government that obliged women to cover their hair and treated them as second class citizens. All this explains exactly why it is not correct to look at Maria Luisa Bembergs film Camila with the above mentioned one-sidedness as follows from the title. To summarize, with her motion picture, Bemberg not only shows her feminist point of view by rejecting the 19th Century culture of her native land. Through her protagonist, Camila OGorman, who is based on a real 1800s personality with the same name, the renowned film director metaphorically reflects and opposes the harsh reality and the difficult life during maybe the hardest and bloodiest period in the history of Argentina. This was a period of political repression, executions, prosecutions and even a civil war that fortunately ended with the overthrow of Jorge Vidalas regime. Nevertheless, during its reign, over thirty thousand people disappeared. Disappear can mean anything either fortunate enough to escape, or murdered, or put in a top secret state jail, etc. Correlatively, in Camila, the oppressed victim of patriarchal order attempts to escape but is executed. Therefore Argentina during the 1800s was a state of oppression and tyranny as well. This parallelism ultimately disprove s the false statement that Bembergs work is predominantly challenging the 19th Century Argentine society. WORDS: 3000 (Without footnotes, bibliography/filmography and title) Bibliography Bernard, Timothy, South American Cinema: A Critical Filmography (1996, University of Texas Press, Austin, TX, USA) Caetano, Israel Adrian, Interview about Chronicle of an Escape, Host: James Rocchi, video by Alexia Prichard Netscape and Cinematical at the Movies, 2006, Toronto Film Festival, online at: http://blog.moviefone.com/2006/09/11/tiff-video-interview-chronicle-of-an-escape-director-israel-adr/ in Moviefone.com, created and owned by AOL Inc.  © (2011) Foster, David William, Contemporary Argentine Cinema (1992, Columbia: University of Missouri Press, Missouri, USA) King, John, Magical Reels, (1990, Verso, London/New York, UK/USA)

North and South :: essays papers

North and South The first two reading selections for Economics 344 make some notable observations about the growth and development of budding economies. In Engerman and Sokoloff’s chapter entitled â€Å"Factor Endowments, Institutions, and Differential Paths of Growth Among New World Economies,† the authors compare the economic growth levels of the North American colonies to those of Latin American colonies. Then, in â€Å"Tracking the Economic Divergence of the North and the South,† Peter Coclanis notes the different economic paths taken by these two distinct regions of the United States. Overall, these two essays are similar in nature – they make similar comparisons across two regions using similar criteria. The readings, however, differ drastically in their subject matter and in the scope of the comparisons. In the first reading, Stanley Engerman and Kenneth Sokoloff attempt to explain what factors contributed to the different levels of economic development between the North American colonies and the Latin American colonies. They hypothesize that the United States and Canada were able to sustain economic growth due to factor endowments that were superior to those of Central and South America. Endowments such as climate, soil, and density of the native population, they say, predisposed certain colonies to accomplishing economic growth. Institutions and government policies such as land policies and trade regulations were also significant determining factors, but less so than factor endowments. After comparing the prosperous colonies to the less prosperous, the authors then briefly state differences within the United States colonies as far as economic growth is concerned. Numerous differences in the economic patterns of the North and the South are pointed out – indeed, in many ways the South resembled those colonies that became less successful. Despite these distinctions, in the end, the authors conclude that overall, â€Å"the South’s economy was a unique case and ultimately realized a record of growth more like those of the northern United States or Canada.† The second piece compares the patterns of economic growth experienced by the North and the South. Coclanis points out numerous variations in the economies of the two regions from the seventeenth century and forward two hundred years. The factor endowments are noted here as well, while political factors play less of a role. Overall, the author concludes that the economic divergence of the North and South was quite large, and the differences most definitely outweigh the similarities. The two readings share both remarkable similarities as well as sharp differences.

Sample Accountable Plan

It is the policy of the company to reimburse any officer or employee for company expenses paid for by such individuals from their own personal funds on the Company’s behalf, in the pursuit of company business. It is the intent of this resolution to satisfy the Accountable Plan requirements under Internal Revenue Code Section 61(c) and the substantiation requirements under Internal Revenue Code Section 274(d). Moreover, Section 1. 2-2(c)(1) of the Income Tax Regulations provides that a reimbursement or other expense allowance arrangement for business expenses paid or incurred by an employee are paid under an accountable plan if the arrangement meets the three requirements of a business connection, substantiation, and returning amounts in excess of expenses. Therefore, all reimbursements will follow these simple guidelines: 1) All individuals seeking reimbursement shall substantiate the expense by providing proof of payment in the form of an invoice to the company prior to any r eimbursement. Accordingly, employees are required to submit detailed expense reports describing each element of an expenditure with the necessary receipts within 30 days of returning from a business trip or incurring an entertainment expense but no later than 60 days after it is paid or incurred. 2) All expenses must be determined to have a direct business connection relating to the operations of the Company, personal expenses will not be reimbursed. Personal expenses if reimbursed will be treated as W-2 wages to the employee. ) All reimbursements by the Corporation shall be made for the expended amounts, pursuant to substantiated business expenses approved from employee expense reports or the proper invoices being submitted by the individual employee seeking reimbursement. The reimbursement relating to travel and entertainment expenses requires employees to describe each expense, the business purpose it served, and, for entertainment expenses, the names and business relationship of the persons entertained in addition to the date of, place of, duration of, and participants in any business discussion that occurred directly before or after the entertainment. ) Reimbursements may be made prior to and in anticipation of the individual incurring the expense out of personal funds, however, upon incurring such expense, the individual will produce the invoice related to such expense and reimburse the company for any excess funds paid exceeding the invoice amount. In cases where the reimbursement of the excess funds is not paid back to the Company, the excess will be reported as W-2 wages pursuant to Section 1. 62-2(c)(3) of the Income Tax Regulations for that individual at the end of the accounting period.

Create a Mouseover Color Highlight Using Delphi

Create a Mouseover Color Highlight Using Delphi Have you ever seen a menu or table column or row highlight to a different color when your mouse hovers over it? Thats what our goal is here: to have a row become highlighted when the mouse pointer is within range. The TDBGrid Delphi component is one of the jewels of the VCL. Designed to enable a user to view and edit data in a tabular grid, the DBGrid provides various ways of customizing the way it represents its own data. For example, adding color to your database grids will enhance the appearance and differentiate the importance of certain rows or columns within the database. However, dont be fooled by over-simplistic tutorials on this topic. It might seem easy enough to just set the dgRowSelect property, but remember that when dgRowSelect is included in Options, the dgEditing flag is ignored, meaning that editing the data using the grid is disabled. What youll find below is an explanation on how to enable the OnMouseOver type of event for a DBGrid row, so that the mouse is recorded and located, making the record active so as to highlight the corresponding row in a DBGrid. How to Work With OnMouseOver and Delphi Components The first order of business is writing code for the OnMouseMove event in a TDBGrid component so that it can locate the DBGrids row and column (cell) that the mouse is hovering over. If the mouse is over the grid (handled in the OnMouseMove event handler), you can use the MoveBy method of a DataSet component to set the current record to the one displayed below the mouse cursor. type THackDBGrid class(TDBGrid);...procedure TForm1.DBGrid1MouseMove (Sender: TObject; Shift: TShiftState; X, Y: Integer);var gc: TGridCoord;begin gc: DBGrid1.MouseCoord(x, y); if (gc.X 0) AND (gc.Y 0) thenbegin DBGrid1.DataSource.DataSet.MoveBy (gc.Y - THackDBGrid(DBGrid1).Row); end;end; Similar code can be used to show which cell the mouse hovers over and to change the cursor when its over the title bar. In order to correctly set the active record, you need to hack a DBGrid and get your hands on the protected Row property. The Row property of a TCustomDBGrid component holds the reference to the currently active row. Many Delphi components have useful properties and methods that are marked invisible, or protected, to a Delphi developer. Hopefully, to access such protected members of a component, a simple technique called the protected hack can be used. With the code above, when you move the mouse over the grid, the selected record is the one displayed in the grid below the mouse cursor. Theres no need to click the grid to change the current record. Have the active row highlighted to enhance the users experience: procedure TForm1.DBGrid1DrawColumnCell (Sender: TObject; const Rect: TRect; DataCol: Integer; Column: TColumn; State: TGridDrawState);beginif (THackDBGrid(DBGrid1).DataLink.ActiveRecord 1 THackDBGrid(DBGrid1).Row) or (gdFocused in State) or (gdSelected in State) thenbegin DBGrid1.Canvas.Brush.Color : clSkyBlue; DBGrid1.Canvas.Font.Style : DBGrid1.Canvas.Font.Style [fsBold]; DBGrid1.Canvas.Font.Color : clRed; end;end; The OnDrawColumnCell event is used to handle the need for a customized drawing for the data in the cells of the grid. You can use a little trick to differentiate the selected row from all the other rows. Consider that the Row property (integer) is equal to the ActiveRecord (1) property of the DataLink object that the selected row is about to be painted. Youll probably want to disable this behavior (the MoveBy method in OnMouseMove event handler) when DataSet connected to a DBGrid is in Edit or Insert mode.​

My Business Essays

My Business Essays My Business Essay My Business Essay Name: Lecturer: Course: Date: My Business Nogales, Arizona is a city that borders Nogales, Sonora and Mexico (Jennings, 20). Since the city is based on agri-business that originates from farms in the Mexican agri-belt, the most favorable business to start due to the constant border migration is real estate and tourism. This would be favorable since the citizens crossing the border would require accommodation and would like to get to know the country they have crossed over for their own reasons. The reason for choosing the Real estate is the need of a dwelling for a number of immigrants that get to find greener pastures in the neighboring land that is the neighboring them. The other reason is that there is an opportunity to leverage assets that allows businesses to grow and creates a number of profitable opportunities (Jennings, 20). Due to the profitable opportunities available in the region, tourism becomes a valid business venture. The reason for selecting tourism is to enable the residents or tourists residing in real estate housing know their environment. Moreover, it is to boost tourism essence and beauty of the country. In both real estate and tourism, intense research is required to ensure a vast, broadened knowledge. Reading relevant articles that give an understanding of location that the real estate and tourism should be set up and understanding the markets expectation is a key need in all this venture of business. The kinds of people that live in Nogales are the main factor of consideration that in making the business relevant and quite necessary. The target people here are the immigrants and tourists that visit. However, this will be a success only if the employees that will be in perspective of this business understand four aspects of the home businesses. These aspects are marketing, finance, sales promotion and public relations. This will make the running of the real estate to be monitored on a constant basis as the tourism aspect is tackled on a gradual basis (Jennings, 21). The age group between twenty years and forty-five year are usually the working class. The retirement group is usually between fifty years plus. Therefore, to cater for all the group dynamics involved there are different rates set for both the groups. This will in essence attract both the age groups through the enticing rates set during the vacations and the rates set for the immigrants that will have no dwelling place for their families (Kleiner, 203). The demographics involved for the choice of such a businesses include the currency culture, income relevant, education levels, gender and the language and gender, if need arises. It is stated that the racial make-up of the city of Nogales is diverse. About ninety-three percent of the population is said to be Hispanic or Latino of a divergent racial background. As for the families, there are a number of households involved. Moreover, out of the entire household there is a forty percent chance that children under the age of eighteen live with their parents. There is also a fifty percent chance that married couples are living together and that seventeen percent is a non-family aspect. This aspect indirectly and directly affects the general income aspect that boosts the business venture that is involved. There are also the elderly that are in the range of the age of sixty-five plus years (Kleiner, 203). They are also in a number of households. Their income is usually their pension if the y are retired or probably retrenched. The immaculate fact here is that all these people in these households have a common ground to share a vacation and a place to have a shelter. The consideration of the income will eventually dictate the rates that will be involved in the real estate and the tourism aspect. The income rate per annum should be directly proportional to the per capital income for the city (Pride, 29). In addition, since there is about forty-five percent of the population below the poverty line, a valid and huge consideration requires the staff to cater for all the Nogales citizens. The result of delegation of such duties to staff members will ensure efficiency and fervency in the tourism section. The aspect of real estate with maintenance and provision for room services and any other form of legal services will keep the citizens of Nogales interested and their anticipation boosted. This is because the offers that will be provided will cater for all kinds of people in Nogales. My expected or estimated budget is about three hundred and fifty thousand dollars for the real-estate venture while for the tourism is estimated for about three hundred thousand dollars. This will enable both the businesses to start and merge as a unit at some point to accomplish its intended goal to cater for the groups of people. The set capital budget suggested is a calculated risk including the all the aspects that had been discussed earlier. These aspects include marketing, finance, sales promotion and public relations (McKeever, 30). To break down all the aspect involved and their budget in perspective is as follows: General capital for both the businesses will take an amount of three hundred thousand dollars. Marketing for both the business ventures will take an amount of fifty thousand dollars. The Finance will be allocated an amount of a hundred and fifty thousand dollars. Sales promotion shall be allocated the same amount as public relations, that is, about seventy-five thousand dollars. The reason for such an allocation of resources is to cater for the number of expenses that are going to be a probable incurrence that will be for the intended use and other miscellaneous expenses. The General capital is usually an estimate that is usually or slightly lower than the intended cost or probably a little higher than the intended money that is usually set aside. This estimate is usually calculated in such a way incase there is a variance in an item that is essential and its price is different according to the follow up on the approved budget plan. This cannot be the only factor that affects the estimated capital. The other factor is depreciation and appreciation of goods and commodities in the society (Pride, 81). This in essence affects the initial plan, as there is fluctuation of the economical goods and services (Jennings, 29). The marketing amount has that set allocation since that would be more than enough to market the relevant aspects. This is because the facts involved are not as immense as involving the labor that is involved which bring us to Finance allocation. The labor involved may be a lot and in-order for the labor to be cost effective the workers have to be well paid to enable efficiency. Sales and Public relations have the same dividends since the aspect that involves motivation and sales requires meeting and convincing clients of the services offered. In conclusion, the business solution aspect and the start of business in Nogales, Arizona is quite possible so long as there is a thorough draft of business plan involved (Kleiner, 205). The other aspect is to back up the business plan is the intense research that entails assessment of the environment of interest, the population density, the market share and availability and finally the efficiency of the supply and demand. These aspects and other factors should have the capabilities to make a new market workable in terms of tackling the need of the people of Nogales in Arizona (McKeever, 35). Works cited: Jennings, M. M. Business: Its Legal, Ethical, and Global Environment. New York, NY: Cengage Learning. 2010. Print Kleiner, E. The successful business Plan: secrets and strategies. Palo Alto, CA: The Planning Shop. 2003. Print. McKeever, M. How to Write a Business Plan. Berkeley, CA: Nolo. 2010. Print Pride, W. M., Hughes, R. J. Jack R. Kapoor. Business. New York, NY: Cengage Learning. 2011. Print Zacharakis, A., Spinelli, S. Jeffry Timmons. Business Plans that Work: A guide for small business 2/E. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Professional. 2011. Print.

Major Environmental Issues Facing Zimbabwe Essays

Major Environmental Issues Facing Zimbabwe Essays Major Environmental Issues Facing Zimbabwe Paper Major Environmental Issues Facing Zimbabwe Paper It as a long history of biodiversity preservation, through the national parks, forest reserves and innovative community-based sustainable-use schemes such as CAMPFIRE. Nevertheless, the natural resources are under pressure from a growing population with limited economic alternatives. Land quality Zombie has the greatest fraction of its land area in good quality agricultural land. The economy of Zombie has a large agricultural component, and the majority of people are dependent on the land. The distribution of people and productive agricultural resources is uneven, leading to problems of land degradation where large numbers of people and vivisect are concentrated on marginal lands. Freshwater resources The Zambia River in the north is one of the largest rivers in Africa, but does not currently supply water to the rest of the country, which is water-scarce in most parts. The geology is generally not conducive to large groundwater supplies. Climate change Like the rest of southern Africa, Zombie is strongly influenced by fluctuations in rainfall. An improvement in the water balance as a result of climate change would be a great benefit; increase water stress, on the other hand, would be a substantial development challenge. Zombie environmental problems like erosion of its agricultural lands and deforestation. By 1 992, deforestation was progressing at the rate of ha per year, or about 1. 5% of the nations forestland. The confinement of large segments of the population to relatively unproductive lands before independence put severe pressure on these lands, a substantial portion of which may have been irreversibly damaged. Zombies air is polluted by vehicle and industrial emissions, while water pollution results from mining and the use of fertilizers. Zombies cities produce 0. 5 million tons of solid waste per year and a good amount ends up in the rivers. The nation has been estimated to have the highest EDT concentrations in the world in its agricultural produce. In 2001 , nine of the nations mammal species and nine bird species were endangered, as well as 73 types Of plants. Zombie has about half of the worlds population of black rhinoceroses, an endangered species. Rare or threatened species include the cape vulture, black-cheeked lovebird, and brown hyena. For protection, the government has adopted a policy of shooting poachers on sight. Africans freshwater supply is almost stretched to its limit. Less than 10% of Africans rainfall is available as reface water, one of the lowest conversion ratios in the world. The countrys groundwater resources are equally limited. Despite regulations of river waters, in many catchments the need for water exceeds the supply and quality is often below standards. Given the projected growth in population and economic development, Africa faces tough times in meeting water demands in the decades ahead. The shortfall in freshwater is tied to growing demands, but also to other issues such as loss of natural habitat and potentially climate change. Destruction of natural habitats the land of the fine-leaved plants, is one of the worlds most impressive botanical kingdoms a mind-boggling variety of plants that is richer than any other comparable sized area in Africa. An estimated 8,500 species of vascular plants, of which 70% are endemic, are reported here. But because the area has been heavily settled for several centuries, large swathes of natural vegetation, particularly in the lowlands, have been cleared for agriculture and urban development. Similar problems face the Iamb-Karol-Achieved desert, a very distinctive and flirtatiously rich excretion with highly diverse endemic plant immunities. Here, poor land management, conversion of marginal lands for cultivation, dam construction, mining, and illegal extraction of selected succulents for black market trade, pose a suite of threats. Over fishing along the Coast, there is persistent over harvesting of many commercially valuable species and products such as pilchard, anchovy and rock lobster. Further at sea, some fish stocks have been over-harvested, and several species face local extinction. These dangerous trends follow improvements of fishing methods, increase in fishing effort and the establishment of fishing industries. Introduction of exotic species Africans natural habitats are being colonized by alien species at great rates. Introduced species, particularly North American game fishes such as largemouth bass and smoothly bass, are pushing out indigenous species and threaten to lead some of them to extinction. Pollution a high level of traffic associated with crude oil transport from the Arabian Gulf has resulted in contamination from tankers spills and discharge of polluted ballast waters. A strategy that is having impact on environment is the Wildlife Environment Zombie has fought for the conservation and protection of Zombies environment. WEEK has been on the forefront of conservation, lobbying for the establishment of National Parks and protected areas, assisting in the management of these, and spreading knowledge on conservation and environmental issues through our magazine, publications, and different environmental education projects. To encourage and assist all people Of Zombie to understand the importance of wildlife and the environment and to conserve Zombies natural resources for the well being of current and future generations and to ensure that the utilization of these natural resources is fair and sustainable. But Zombie is confronted by critical environmental and ecological problems. This has resulted in environmental degradation, declining population of endangered species, destruction of indigenous forest and wildlife habitats, soil erosion, pollution in all its forms, and ruthless exploitation of our natural resources for short-term profit. Partnership for Environmental Law Education is another strategy thats s working to help prepare for a more sustainable future. Over the past three years, the Zombie Environmental Law Association in collaboration with Environment Africa and the Environmental Management Agency entered into partnership to educate rural and urban communities about their environmental rights and duties. Rural district councils, grassroots organizations, environmental actions groups, traditional leaders and government deep retests were among the groups that were trained. The partnership is driven by the need to address the main impediments to environmental justice, which are poverty and lack of knowledge. At the local level, knowledge about available rights and capacities to claim them are Often limited. It is therefore, the purpose of this project to lid the capacity of communities and locally based organizations to claim those rights and to promote the building of local institutions that can lead to the opening up of opportunities for improved access to natural resources, good health and improved livelihoods. Therefore, environmental law education provides the avenue for people to acquire knowledge and skills that enable them to act within their communities in an environmentally responsible way. To date, ZEAL Environment Africa and the Environmental Management Agency held close to fifteen joint workshops by pooling resources together. The partnership was a way of avoiding the duplication of work by the three organizations. In practice, ZEAL provides the legal advice while Environment Africa brings its experience and contacts with community groups. The Environmental Management Agency as a government agency brings the government perspective and commitment to natural resources management. Through this partnership, ZEAL and Environment Africa are in a better position to make contributions to legal reforms and to influence policy decisions on natural resources management and environmental protection. Tell, ZEAL has been reviewing draft regulations on waste management and indigenous knowledge systems that are being formulated by the Ministry of Environment and Tourism. The regulations seek to complement the Environmental Management Act. Another key output of the partnership is the formation of Environment Committees and Sub-Committee at the district level in the ten provinces of Zombie. Hare has witnessed an upsurge in the number of residents forming community based groups to spearhead waste collection efforts. These community groups are formed by people with a passion for the environment and who also want to earn a living from waste recycling and reuse. The formation of waste management groups is also partly due to the increase in the uncollected waste that has been accumulating around the City. However, the groups are just loose groups of individuals especially the youth which do not exist as legal entities. They have been finding it difficult to operate without registration as companies or common law trusts. Through workshops and seminars, the Zombie Environmental Law Association received requests from all the groups for legal assistance. Most of the requests are for their registration either as companies or trusts. ZEAL has agreed with Environment Africa and Practical Action to irk on a plan of action that will result in the registration of the groups. It is noteworthy that the efforts of these groups are a result of sustained education programmers on waste management and environmental protection around Hare by the civil society. Therefore, the formation of the waste management enterprises is one way of implementing the principles of environmental management contained in the Environmental Management Act and other pieces of legislation. The benefits of registration are that the groups can effectively engage the private sector and request for assistance as legal entity with traceable references.

ExpertSystems Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

ExpertSystems - Research Paper Example based on the web consists of a case management system - a case management system is essentially a large table of actions, which come from a range of sources. The origins might include: It also has a point management system. Here, the Jonas Point of Sale system allows for the creation of an unlimited amount of menus and nested menus, grants easy access to member preferences, and even enables pre-event chit setup for quick and easy processing at a later time. All of these features and many more are made available through complete integration with the rest of your Jonas Management System. The other one is the menu management system. Here, the point management system contains four subsystems. There are employees, employer, menu suppliers, and the case management agents. Using tips issued by the employer, employees pick the menu objects given out by the menu suppliers, and utilize points in addition to money for it. Some menu suppliers get sorted by agents. The system is for assisting the human resource department in a number of ways which include: The human resource department can use the system to view and record various requests from the employees’ preferences in order to process them. The system can also provide a questionnaire such as a graphical user interface where the employees can enter data systematically, as prompted by the system. The system specification document is about the definition and development of the Benefits Cafeteria System project. The document includes the necessities for Suite Spot employees to manage personal data, authentication control and mechanism for authorization as well as managing the employees’ benefits. After the creation of the new system, the employees will be required to register with the system and create a new profile. In particular, the Benefits Cafeteria System will take control and manage the employee’s database. The use of the system will be based on the different roles of the employees, age, seniority,

Ocean Park Hong Kong Recruitment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Ocean Park Hong Kong Recruitment - Essay Example Generally, one of the aims of this theme park is to ensure that the visitors of the island of Hong Kong would each have their own memory of their visit and/or stay at the theme park (Mehrmann, 2005). Each year, the theme park receives about four million visitors, thus contributing so much to their financial stability. It is also the leader in Education and Conservation with the following programs and titles under its belt: (1) Asia’s Standard-Bearers for Conservation, (2) The Gold Standard for Animal Husbandry, (3) Ongoing Community Outreach Program, (4) New Ocean Park Academy and, (5) Involvement in World Conservation Organizations and Education Programs. During its thirty year existence, the ocean park also witnessed an increased attendance from mainland China and is currently catering to a new generation which is often regarded as a generation with more sophistication. However, the thirty-year theme park is in need of renovations as its facilities are already ageing (Einhorn, 2005). Also, in its existence as the only theme park in Hong Kong, about 70 million visitors have paid a visit (or stayed) at this very popular theme park. But things changed as the monopoly of the ocean park with regard to its share of visitors in the Hong Kong Island and its attractions has been threatened with the rise of competitors. These included the opening of Disneyland in 2005, the Tung Chung Cable Car in 2006, the Hong Kong Wetland in 2005, the growth of the Macao entertainment industry (Mehrmann, 2005). This is why, Mehrmann (2005), the Central Executive Officer of the Hong Kong Ocean Park mentioned the following as the things needed for them to stay alive and keep up with the new players in the midst of a tighter competition with newer theme parks and other attractions in the region: (1) continue to attract more people to the park, (2) develop a value proposition that is relevant to Hong Kong, (3) rediscover themselves and their true identity, (4) energize their stake holders: the government, suppliers, guests and of course, their employees, and finally, (5) to attract, retain and develop the right talent.  Ã‚  

Study skils (multimedia technology) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Study skils (multimedia technology) - Essay Example Television is a highly accessible media for public consumption, reaching millions of viewers in the UK alone. Producers of television programmes, and in particularly of commercial advertisements, must be highly aware of the potential for the distortion of their messages in order to most efficaciously counter the distortive effects. They do so by making use of visual and auditory queues in many cases, which guide viewers toward the intended understanding. These queues may be derived by research into current social trends, psychological research, or other evolved responses. Advertisers frequently make use of more subtle queues, with the intent of changing public opinion in favour of their particular products or services. Several techniques are utilised by the producers of television programming and advertisements. Musical queues are ubiquitous, as it has been well established that particular musical queues will inspire particular feelings or thoughts in the individual listening. In con junction with imagery, musical choices can have a profound impact on the way that individuals decode the information being presented. Imagery is carefully constructed by the producers of television as well. ... Advertisers are particularly skilled in the use of subtle imagery, designed to engage the emotions of an audience while bypassing their higher cognitive functions. We know, for example, that we do not actually need many items presented in advertisements to survive or thrive, but shrewd advertisers inspire us, on an emotional level, to accept the notion that our happiness or well-being are somehow linked to the product or service presented. Our higher thought processes are largely circumvented by the imagery and musical queues presented to us, so that we end up feeling that we have some personal investment in procurement of the services or products being sold. Producers of television programmes similarly inject particular messaging into their programming, dependant upon the desired effect in the viewer. The portrayal of minority individuals in accordance with stereotypes in order to generate either sympathy or antipathy toward members of that group. While this is established within th e context of the particular programme, these feelings frequently translate to real life, especially when the same images and ideas are portrayed frequently and in different

What Determines the Level of Interest Rate in the UK And How the Essay

What Determines the Level of Interest Rate in the UK And How the Changes in Interest Rate Affect Economic Growth - Essay Example Most of the monetarist economists argue that monetary policy has a lot of power compared to fiscal policy in as far as inflation control is concerned. Monetary policy also includes changes in exchange rate value due to the fact that currency fluctuation affects macroeconomic activities. Interest rates in the United Kingdom are established by the monetary policy committee of the bank of England according to Cobham (2002). Therefore monetary policy makes a major contribution in determining the level of interest rates. For instance in some countries the monetary authority might possess the power to authorize particular interest rates on loans a well as other financial deals. The monetary policy committee meets regularly to set the relevant interest rates. Monetary policies are defined in two terms that is either expansionary or contractionary. On one hand the expansionary policy increases the economies total money supply in a more rapid rate than usual. Contractionary policy on the othe r hand, expands the supply of money in a slower rate compared to the usual rate or even contracts it. Implementation of Monetary Policy in the UK Monetary policy is usually implemented by either the country’s central bank or reserve bank. ... This is due to the reason that settlement of transactions should take place daily as the business closes and thus banks without sufficient reserves borrow from the Bank of England to meet these obligations. The Bank of England is the only guarantor of such funds and is able to set interest rates in which it provides the funds. In implementing monetary policy the bank passes cost of interest rates to clients in commercial banks inform of interest charges on mortgages as well as other types of loan. If the lending rate also known as dealing rate of the central bank changes, the bank makes an adjustment to their rates of lending. Through the relationship between lending rate and commercial rates, the bank of England is able to influence the interest rates in the market. This way the Bank of England upholds its implementation of the monetary policy. For instance incase inflation increases behold the target rate, the Bank is capable of hiking the lending rate charges on the commercial ban ks. This is usually in an attempt to slow the rate of spending hence bringing back inflation to the right level. According to Richter (2008), the monetary policy of the Bank of England is to provide stability in prices and lower inflation thus supporting the economic objectives of the government including employment. The bank of England has three major tools which they use in implementation of monetary polices. The tools can be used in expanding or contracting supply of funds of the country based on response of the policy to current economic situation. The three tools include: discount rates, open market operation rates and reserve requirements of changing banks. Reserve requirement is one of the tools used in

International Economics Eurozone Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

International Economics Eurozone - Essay Example 29). For instance, Germany is considered to have a comparative advantage in the production of cars in the sense that its cars are considered to be of the highest quality in the market. This creates the opportunity for the substitution of products that have the same factor intensity. The other condition for the occurrence of intra-industry trade is that the production processes of particular products should have fixed costs. This is to ensure that an increase in the production processes is advantageous in the sense that there will be a decrease in the unit costs of the product. This condition is beneficial to both producers and consumers. Producers will be able to reduce the cost of production as they engage in mass production. They will enjoy economies of scale in times of low costs of production. Consumers on the other hand will pay less as more cars are being produced because low costs will be transferred to them. For instance, the more units Mercedes produces, the lower the unit c ost of production. Possible welfare gains of intra industry trade There are two conditions that determine the occurrence of intra-industry trade and they include comparative advantage and economies of scale. ... German citizens are able to get jobs hence improve their living standards. An economy also records an increase in the number of exports and this translates to higher revenue collection. The revenue collected is used in funding projects across the economy and the country is able to improve on its social infrastructure such as hospitals and schools. Increase in imports also reflects that the economy is recording growth in its GDP which eventually translates to higher per capita income. Citizens will be able to meet their basic wants because of the improvement in their income. Economies of scale also have the advantage of improving the social welfare of citizens in the sense that the growth of the industry will stimulate infrastructure development that will be utilized by both producers and the residents (Helpman & Krugman, 2009, p. 100). The other possible welfare gain of intra-industry trade is the provision of quality services because there is specialization in the production process es. Comparative advantages lead to the specialization of industries and this improves the productivity of such industries. Countries are able to access a wider market that makes it easy for consumers have access to quality services and goods that are of high quality from specialized countries. Criteria used to define an optimum currency area. The general definition of an optimum currency area is that it relates to a geographical area where the use of a common currency would create the greatest economic benefit. The theory is closely related to Robert Mundell whose works have made numerous contributions to issues of currency. There are a number of criteria used in defining an optimum currency

Psychogeography Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Psychogeography - Essay Example In some cases, psychogeography is also concern on how the environment could influence how a person thinks (Prescott-Steed, 2013, p. 46). The study of psychogeography is significant in the profession of engineers and architects. Specifically the common elements associated with the study of psychogeography include: cultural and social critique, marginalized urban experiences, past experiences, re-enchantment of cityscape, space, spatial history, trauma, and walking. In relation to the common elements of psychogeography, this report aims to critically analyze and compare the context of Alan Bennet’s â€Å"A life like other people† (2009) with Matt Condon’s â€Å"Brisbane† (2010). Psychogeographic Comparison between the Text Written by Bennett (2009) and Condon (2010) In relation to the elements of psychogeography, there are similarities in the context of extracts take from the works of Bennett (2009) and Condon (2010). One of the most obvious similarities bet ween these two context is that the past experiences, regardless of whether or not the said experience is traumatic or a happy event a person has on a specific place, can last for a lifetime. For instance, Bennett (2009) mentoned that after so many years, he remembered a man who drowned in a canal situated close to the university boathouse at Calverley. This particular event has created a negative experience for Bennett. Bennett (2009) also remembered the hill that runs down to Rodley, the canal that runs parallel the railway, and in between the canal and the railway runs the Aire river. All these fixed environmental features brought back some old memories to Bennett. At the age of 20, Condon (2010) left Brisbane – the place where he was born. After 47 long years, Condon (2010) decided to go back to his hometown again. He live in the same house which is situated hundreds of metres away from the ponds. Condon mentioned that he remembered or at least he was able to imagine his c hildhood days within the same geographic area. Despite all the significant changes that took place within the same environment (i.e. the presence of computer stores, tanning salons, office buildings, and the bitumen road), Condon (2010) felt that nothing much has significantly changed due to the fact that the river, hills, and gullies are still situated in the same place. Basically, these two (2) entirely different scenarios clearly strongly suggest that the act of going back to the same geographic environment, regardless of the changes that took place in the city, could bring out the same old memories and/or the same old feeling each person had while staying in the same place. Change is the only thing that is constant in this world. In relation to the concept of urbanization, psychogeography is commonly used in the process of enabling human beings to change the urban life (Coverley, Psychogeography, 2010, p. 10). Within this context, psychogeographers usually aim to examine the imp act of different ambience of urban places on the feelings, emotions, mental stability, and socializing behaviour of people (Del Casino et al., 2011, p. 285; Prescott-Steed, 2013, p. 46). This further explains why most of the modern architects today are carefully analyzing how light can significantly affect positive ambience in space when creating a new architectural design (Knabb, 2007, p. 4). Re-enchantment of the cityscape is another

What Determines the Level of Interest Rate in the UK And How the Essay

What Determines the Level of Interest Rate in the UK And How the Changes in Interest Rate Affect Economic Growth - Essay Example Most of the monetarist economists argue that monetary policy has a lot of power compared to fiscal policy in as far as inflation control is concerned. Monetary policy also includes changes in exchange rate value due to the fact that currency fluctuation affects macroeconomic activities. Interest rates in the United Kingdom are established by the monetary policy committee of the bank of England according to Cobham (2002). Therefore monetary policy makes a major contribution in determining the level of interest rates. For instance in some countries the monetary authority might possess the power to authorize particular interest rates on loans a well as other financial deals. The monetary policy committee meets regularly to set the relevant interest rates. Monetary policies are defined in two terms that is either expansionary or contractionary. On one hand the expansionary policy increases the economies total money supply in a more rapid rate than usual. Contractionary policy on the othe r hand, expands the supply of money in a slower rate compared to the usual rate or even contracts it. Implementation of Monetary Policy in the UK Monetary policy is usually implemented by either the country’s central bank or reserve bank. ... This is due to the reason that settlement of transactions should take place daily as the business closes and thus banks without sufficient reserves borrow from the Bank of England to meet these obligations. The Bank of England is the only guarantor of such funds and is able to set interest rates in which it provides the funds. In implementing monetary policy the bank passes cost of interest rates to clients in commercial banks inform of interest charges on mortgages as well as other types of loan. If the lending rate also known as dealing rate of the central bank changes, the bank makes an adjustment to their rates of lending. Through the relationship between lending rate and commercial rates, the bank of England is able to influence the interest rates in the market. This way the Bank of England upholds its implementation of the monetary policy. For instance incase inflation increases behold the target rate, the Bank is capable of hiking the lending rate charges on the commercial ban ks. This is usually in an attempt to slow the rate of spending hence bringing back inflation to the right level. According to Richter (2008), the monetary policy of the Bank of England is to provide stability in prices and lower inflation thus supporting the economic objectives of the government including employment. The bank of England has three major tools which they use in implementation of monetary polices. The tools can be used in expanding or contracting supply of funds of the country based on response of the policy to current economic situation. The three tools include: discount rates, open market operation rates and reserve requirements of changing banks. Reserve requirement is one of the tools used in

Psychogeography Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Psychogeography - Essay Example In some cases, psychogeography is also concern on how the environment could influence how a person thinks (Prescott-Steed, 2013, p. 46). The study of psychogeography is significant in the profession of engineers and architects. Specifically the common elements associated with the study of psychogeography include: cultural and social critique, marginalized urban experiences, past experiences, re-enchantment of cityscape, space, spatial history, trauma, and walking. In relation to the common elements of psychogeography, this report aims to critically analyze and compare the context of Alan Bennet’s â€Å"A life like other people† (2009) with Matt Condon’s â€Å"Brisbane† (2010). Psychogeographic Comparison between the Text Written by Bennett (2009) and Condon (2010) In relation to the elements of psychogeography, there are similarities in the context of extracts take from the works of Bennett (2009) and Condon (2010). One of the most obvious similarities bet ween these two context is that the past experiences, regardless of whether or not the said experience is traumatic or a happy event a person has on a specific place, can last for a lifetime. For instance, Bennett (2009) mentoned that after so many years, he remembered a man who drowned in a canal situated close to the university boathouse at Calverley. This particular event has created a negative experience for Bennett. Bennett (2009) also remembered the hill that runs down to Rodley, the canal that runs parallel the railway, and in between the canal and the railway runs the Aire river. All these fixed environmental features brought back some old memories to Bennett. At the age of 20, Condon (2010) left Brisbane – the place where he was born. After 47 long years, Condon (2010) decided to go back to his hometown again. He live in the same house which is situated hundreds of metres away from the ponds. Condon mentioned that he remembered or at least he was able to imagine his c hildhood days within the same geographic area. Despite all the significant changes that took place within the same environment (i.e. the presence of computer stores, tanning salons, office buildings, and the bitumen road), Condon (2010) felt that nothing much has significantly changed due to the fact that the river, hills, and gullies are still situated in the same place. Basically, these two (2) entirely different scenarios clearly strongly suggest that the act of going back to the same geographic environment, regardless of the changes that took place in the city, could bring out the same old memories and/or the same old feeling each person had while staying in the same place. Change is the only thing that is constant in this world. In relation to the concept of urbanization, psychogeography is commonly used in the process of enabling human beings to change the urban life (Coverley, Psychogeography, 2010, p. 10). Within this context, psychogeographers usually aim to examine the imp act of different ambience of urban places on the feelings, emotions, mental stability, and socializing behaviour of people (Del Casino et al., 2011, p. 285; Prescott-Steed, 2013, p. 46). This further explains why most of the modern architects today are carefully analyzing how light can significantly affect positive ambience in space when creating a new architectural design (Knabb, 2007, p. 4). Re-enchantment of the cityscape is another

Open Versus Closed Innovation Essay Example for Free

Open Versus Closed Innovation Essay Open Versus Closed Innovation BY celestel 979 A Critical Look at the Effects of In the Innovative Firms of the Twenty-first Century June 17, 2010 Abstract In todays fast paced business world, which innovation method should companies adopt, open or closed innovation? In this paper we will explore the methods of closed and open innovation. Then we will explore the pros and cons of both innovation methods and discuss which method works better in the business world of the twenty-first century. After reviewing the results this paper explores the particle implications that innovative firms should be aware of regarding Open and Closed nnovation and recommendations will be made for future research in this area. Introduction Background Looking back even a few decades companies viewed innovation strategies very differently then they do today. It was believed that successful innovation needed internal control and secrecy from others in the market. Large corporations used to dominate the field of innovation because they were the only ones who could afford to invest it large scale RD. Any company that tried to enter the market would have to find large amounts of resources to be able to even attempt to compete with the RD f the large corporations (Chesbrough, 2003; Herzog , 2008; Aylen, 2010; Kodama, 2005; Trott Hartmann, 2009). In the current economy start-up companies have found ways to bypass the large RD investments of the past. Instead of doing their own research these new entrance are getting their knowledge and technology from outside their company by either investing in relevant startup companies, or partnering with other companies up, down or horizontally on the value chain (Chesbrough, 2003). With the expanding options on how to obtain innovative ideas, processes, and products the big question remains should companies used a closed or open pproach to innovation? And does the open and closed methods work for all companies? (Almirall Casadesus-Masanell, 2010) In this paper we take a critical look at what closed and open innovation is, what the pros and cons are to both options, and try to determine if one method is better then Closed Innovation The main theory behind Closed Innovation is the belief that successful innovation requires control (Chesbrough, 2003). Companies that follow the Closed Innovation (C) model (see Figure 1) believe in self-reliance and that they should follow these rules to succeed: A firm should hire the best and smartest people ? Profiting from innovative efforts requires a firm to discover, develop, and market everything itself Being first to market requires that research discoveries originate within the firm Being first to market also ensures that the firm will win the Leading the industry in RD investments results in coming up with competition the best and most ideas and eventually in winning the competition Restrictive IP management must prevent other firms from profiting from the firms ideas and technologies (Herzog, 2008) Cl companies attempt to do everything on their own from innovative ideas, evelopment, manufacturing, advertising, promotion, distribution, service and even financing. If the innovative ideas or projects are not pursued or are discarded part way they are stored internally and will not be profit able to the company or useful to the rest of the world unless they are used internally at a later date. This creates a great loss of many potentially great innovative ideas, products, services, and processes. If a company chooses Cl it can be expect that many innovations will be lost as companies do not have the ability or resources to turn every idea or technology nto a successful innovation the market can use. The main reason a company would choose Cl would be because they are scared of having their intellectual investments stolen by their competitors (Herzog , 2008; Chesbrough, 2003). [pic] Open Innovation Companies have reached the understanding that not all innovations have to originate internally and that if they do have an internal innovation and do not have the ability to act upon it they can still profit from it by partnering, Joint ventures, licensing or selling the innovation to another company. In Open Innovation (01) companies must ind a balance between keeping important internal secrets and still working with other companies to gain and produce valuable ideas, processes, resources, finances and support (Herzog , 2008). Companies that follow the 01 model (see Figure 2) believe in the following principals: Not all of the smart people work for us, so we must find and tap into the knowledge and expertise of bright individuals outside our company External RD value We dont have to originate the research in order to profit from it Building a better business model is better than getting to market first If we make he best use of internal and external ideas, we will win We should profit from others use of our intellectual property, and we should buy others intellectual property whenever it advances our own business model (Chesbrough, 2003) 01 encourages the Joining of resources from firms across all aspects of the value chain. Companies now realize that innovations they cant use or can be used further by other companies can lead to additional profits that they could have never obtained on their own (Almirall, Casadesus-Masanell, 2010). Kodama, (2005) expands 01 even further to talk about creating strategic communities See Appendix 1), a convenient process of speeding up a firms innovation. To be able to quickly acquire a variety of knowledge of great use, managers from different areas, from inside and outside the firm, can make a strategic community with internal and external members, which could involve customers. A huge benefit is that strategic communities are not bound by the same limitations as the official organization. Now that we have explored what Cl and 01 is we will now go on to look at why one of the methods might be better then the other for companies competing in the twenty- irst century and why companies decide to choose one either Cl or 01. Open versus Closed Innovation 01 involves risk such as knowledge and sensitive information leakage and the risks must be weighed against the benefits that would be gained from participating in 01. One more trouble with 01 is that well some areas open up to help the flow of knowledge it has been found that to keep sensitive information secure there has actually been a reduction in the amount of information being share between internal departments which could effect the companies internal innovation (Trott Hartmann, 2009). It has been found that 01 is especially needed in fields such as knowledge-intensive industries where competition is strong and companies need to work together to be able to gain a competitive advantage in the field (Trott Hartmann, 2009). Almirall Casadesus-Masanell, (2010) study showed that 01 works better then Cl for partnerships that are fixed and have low to medium complexity levels but they also found that when there is high complexity involved that Cl is the best method to follow. Another discovery was that the benefits can be greater in flexible partnerships over fixed partnerships. The model of flexible partnerships effectively says, If you cant fgure out how to put the pieces together internally (confgure two subsystems optimally), it is critical to have lots of different pieces (complementary subsystems) to choose from and know how to put them together externally. (Almirall Casadesus- Masanell, 2010) Chesbrough and Crowther (2006; as sited in Aylen, 2010) said that 01 traditional and mature industries. A big contrast between 01 and Cl is how they go through their idea lists. Cl managers go through and proceed with the ideas they see as beneficial to their company and iscard what they see as bad ideas or ideas they know their firm does not have the resources to accomplish. Whereas a 01 manager would go through their idea list and sort them into three categories, innovations their company can pursue internally, ideas they can approach other companies about, and ideas that will not work at all. Therefore the 01 model gets to profit from the ideas that the Cl model would have otherwise discarded or stored for a later date (Chesbrough, 2003). Even though 01 has been adapted by many organizations as the best way to be successfully innovative the theory is not perfect. Trott ; Hartmann, (2009) point out that 01 is very linear and does not suggest any feedback or feed-forward mechanisms unlike the newer innovation models such as the Cyclic Innovation Model (Berkhout, A], Patrick van der Duin, Dap Hartmann ; Roland Ortt,(2007), cited in Trott ; Hartmann, 2009). This newer model suggest feedback and feed-forward techniques and also that the innovation process is cyclic, meaning new innovations grow from older innovations. Cl has been very successful for some companies such as Apple they swept the market with the iPod and this strategy and product put them back into the playing ield after have been struggling for years to catch up with the innovations of other major players. Another example of Cl is the Wii by Nintendo which was extremely innovative with their new product features (Almirall ; Casadesus-Masanell, 2010). Some very large companies have tried Cl techniques and had some devastating effects as a result, such as IBM and Xerox but both these examples were able to overcome these problems with the help of 01 techniques. Procter and Gamble and Philips have successfully adapted 01 and have gone so far as to hold conferences on he topic and even published their own reports on the subject. Trott ; Hartmann, (2009) provide a list of companies and the reasons they choose to become part of a strategic alliance (See Appendix 2). It has been noted by Chesbrough, (2003) that near the end of the 20th century a number of things happened that caused Cl to be taken into question by many firms.